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In the world of high-performance materials, 17-4PH precipitation hardening stainless steel stands out as a go-to choice for precision forgings across critical industries. From aerospace and automotive to medical devices and energy systems, engineers and manufacturers alike choose 17-4PH for its uniq

Raise boring machine construction technology is widely applied in various engineering sectors including transportation, water conservancy and hydropower, mining, and military industry. It is commonly used for vertical shaft excavation in civil engineering and mining projects, typically to drill through two parallel passages or connect underground roadways to the ground surface.

This paper systematically classifies and introduces the process characteristics, hardness parameters, performance advantages and applicable working conditions of four mainstream roll materials: forged steel, alloy cast steel, high-chromium cast iron and semi-steel. It defines three core criteria for roll selection, namely rolling process conditions, characteristics of rolled products, and full-life cycle cost balance, and differentiates the material matching logic targeted at hot rolling/cold rolling, rough rolling/finishing rolling, and high/low-load working conditions. Meanwhile, the paper fully sorts out a complete set of standardized operation and maintenance specifications covering roll installation and commissioning, online operation control, offline grinding and maintenance, as well as warehouse storage and preservation, and clarifies key process standards including new roll loading, roll surface grinding and parameter control.

Due to carbide defects and poor machinability of cold work die steel Cr12MoV (SKD11/D2), conventional forging and heat treatment processes tend to cause die cracking and short service life. This paper introduces key forging parameters, analyzes the drawbacks of conventional spheroidizing annealing, quenching and tempering processes, and proposes a combined forging-heat treatment process as well as three improved quenching and tempering processes (low-temperature, medium-temperature and high-temperature) with their respective applicable working conditions. The study verifies that high-temperature austenitization can refine carbides and greatly improve toughness. Optimizing carbide uniformity is the key to enhancing the steel’s performance. The combined forging-heat treatment process can balance product quality, energy conservation and production efficiency, which is worthy of widespread promotion.

1.The mainstream materials for forged steel cold rolling rolls include Cr2, Cr3, Cr5, Cr6, semi-high-speed steel and high-speed steel grades. 2.Forged steel cold rolling rolls are mainly applied as work rolls and intermediate rolls for various continuous cold rolling mills and single-stand cold rolling mills for ferrous metals; work rolls for cold and hot skin pass mills; work rolls and backup rolls for small-sized cold rolling mills; and cold rolling work rolls and backup rolls for non-ferrous metal rolling mills. 3.Forged steel cold rolling rolls adopt a three-stage smelting process consisting of electric furnace melting, vacuum refining and electroslag remelting (ESR). Combined with forging, multiple heat treatments, cryogenic treatment and machining processes.

Hot work tool steels, such as H11 (1.2343) and H13 (1.2344), play a critical role in various industrial applications, particularly where tools are subjected to high temperatures and harsh conditions. These steels are specifically engineered to withstand the intense thermal cycles, mechanical stresses, and abrasive wear that are typical in hot working processes, such as forging, casting, and extrusion.